A) Methods based on atomic or molecular or crystalline characteristics of the matter:
- Absorption Spectroscopy
- Emission Spectroscopy
- Mass Spectroscopy
- X-Ray Diffraction Method
B) Methods based on measurement of the following physical characteristics of the matter:
- Thermal Conductivity
- Electrolytic Conductivity
- Combustibility
- Magnetic Susceptibility(Oxygen analyser)
- Physical Absorption Characteristics(Chromatography)
- Refractive Index
- Density or Specific Gravity
- Viscosity
- Acidity or Alkalinity(pH)
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